Engineering of land application systems for livestock manure: A review
نویسندگان
چکیده
Laguë, C., Landry, H. and Roberge, M. 2005. Engineering of land application systems for livestock manure: A review. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le génie des biosystèmes au Canada 47: 6.17 6.28. Manure constitutes an unavoidable by-product of any livestock production system. The different and often highly variable biological, chemical, and physical properties of livestock manure can result in both positive and negative impacts on air, soil, water, fauna, and flora. A highly valuable fertilizer and amendment for soil-crop agricultural systems when properly managed, manure can also become an important source of pollution when the management systems are deficient. The first part of this review paper addresses the large variability of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of manure and how this variability needs to be accounted for in the design and operation of land application systems and equipment. A discussion follows on land application systems for livestock manure that includes equipment for the transfer of manure from the storage facilities, equipment for transporting the manure to the application sites, and equipment for applying the manure to soil-crop systems. This discussion highlights the current technological shortcomings for land application systems adapted to semi-solid and solid manure. Criteria for the design of future land application systems and the improvement of existing ones are then presented. Those criteria include the maximization of nutrient recycling and of social acceptance, the protection of air, soil and water resources and of human health and safety, the control of manure application rates, and the minimization of capital and operating costs and of energy requirements. The paper concludes with an overview of required technological improvements to land application systems for all types of livestock manure. Les fumiers et lisiers constituent un sous-produit incontournable en production animale. En raison des différences et de la variabilité qui existent au niveau des propriétés biologiques, chimiques et physiques des fumiers et lisiers, le recyclage de ces derniers peut avoir des impacts positifs et négatifs sur les ressources naturelles air, sol et eau ainsi que sur la flore et la faune. Lorsqu'ils sont gérés de façon appropriée, les fumiers et lisiers peuvent constituer un fertilisant ou un amendement de grande qualité pour les sols et les cultures. Cependant, les fumiers et lisiers peuvent rapidement constituer un risque de pollution important si les systèmes de gestion deviennent déficients. Cette revue débute par un aperçu de la problématique engendrée par la variabilité des propriétés biologiques, chimiques et physiques des fumiers et lisiers et de l'importance de la prise en compte de cette variabilité lors de la conception et de l'utilisation des systèmes d'application au champ des fumiers et lisiers. Suit une discussion sur ces systèmes d'application, incluant les équipements de reprise, de transport et d'application sur les sols et les cultures. Cette discussion permet de soulever les déficiences qui existent au niveau des systèmes d'application pour le fumier solide et semi-solide. Des critères pour la conception future de systèmes d'application ainsi que pour l'amélioration des systèmes existants sont présentés. Ces critères incluent la maximisation du potentiel de recyclage des éléments fertilisants des fumiers et lisiers ainsi que de l'acceptabilité sociale des systèmes d'application, la protection des ressources naturelles sol, air et eau ainsi que de la santé et la sécurité, le contrôle des taux d'application et la minimisation des coûts fixes et variables ainsi que des besoins énergétiques globaux des systèmes d'application. La revue se termine par un aperçu des innovations technologiques qui seront requises afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des systèmes d'application au champ des fumiers et lisiers.
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